I'm trying to read
the "History of" page for Antigua and Barbuda, which is a single country. It's today's country as
we run through the list of 206 countries in the world. But this Wikipedia page is kind of a mess. There are names of various people who arrived in succeeding waves, mostly, it seems, paddling from Venezuela. I'm not quite picturing how one group "replaced" or "succeeded" another. But the earliest people were there by around 2900 BC. These were the "archaic people."
The Catholic Encyclopedia does make it clear that the European invaders had some difficulty identifying and differentiating between the various native peoples they encountered.
So maybe it's not just a Wikipedia problem. But you'd think by now they'd have sorted out who replaced whom, when, and how. Maybe not. Maybe my expectations for archaeology are excessive. And then there's the question: how/why did they leave?
No researcher has conclusively proven any of these causes as the real reason for the destruction of West Indian natives.
Christopher Columbus arrived in 1493, but the Caribs defended themselves. It was England that colonized the islands 1632.
Settlers raised tobacco, indigo, ginger, and sugarcane as cash crops.... [T]he sugar industry became so profitable that many farmers replaced other crops with sugar, making it the economic backbone of the islands.
The English brought in African slaves to work in the sugar plantations.
During the 18th century, Antigua was used as the headquarters of the British Royal Navy Caribbean fleet....
... Antiguan slaves were emancipated in 1834, but remained economically dependent upon the plantation owners....
The islands achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1981, becoming the nation of Antigua and Barbuda. It remains part of the Commonwealth of Nations, and remains a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II as Queen of Antigua and Barbuda.
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